measurments

Question
How is each hole measured

Answer
Carefully and precisely...grin.  I know, i know, not what you were looking for, but I couldn't resist.

I have answered two questions on this as it was not specific as to which hole you were referring.
I say this as there is quite literally a hole within a hole on a golf course.  

Now day's a laser targeted measuring tool is used.  It is the same type of equipment that civil engineers use.  Another way to do it now is by GPS satellite, though there is a slight fluctuation when done this way, and they use the Laser to get more exactness.

The process is simple to look at, time consuming to do, and performed by local golf associations for certification.

They start at the tee box and laser to a fixed point in the middle of the fairway, then again to the center of the green.

The tee markers that are affixed in the ground are the actual place the measurements are taken from.

As far as for the hole within the hole, you know that one that's on the green.
It is measured from the inner diameter of the cup.  If you read the USGA Rules book under definitions you will get a better idea of the hole and putting cup itself.

Hope I answered your question.  And I apologize for the delay in getting back to you
Robb Nunn, PGA Professional