What makes a helicopter tailspin?

There are several factors that can contribute to a helicopter entering a tailspin, including:

Loss of tail rotor effectiveness: The tail rotor is responsible for counteracting the torque produced by the main rotor, which would otherwise cause the helicopter to spin out of control. If the tail rotor fails or becomes ineffective, the helicopter can rapidly enter a tailspin. This can occur due to mechanical failure, damage, or if the tail rotor is obstructed or stalled.

Tail rotor vortex ring state (VRS): VRS is a phenomenon that can occur when the tail rotor operates in a disturbed airflow, such as in close proximity to the ground, near obstacles, or in strong crosswinds. In VRS, the airflow over the tail rotor becomes disrupted and loses its effectiveness, leading to a loss of tail rotor authority and a potential tailspin.

Insufficient anti-torque control: If the helicopter does not have sufficient anti-torque control, it can be susceptible to tailspins. This can happen if the tail rotor is underpowered, if the helicopter is overloaded, or if the pilot makes sudden or excessive control inputs.

Incorrect weight distribution: Improper weight distribution within the helicopter can affect its balance and stability, making it more susceptible to tailspins. This can occur if the helicopter is overloaded, if the load is not properly distributed, or if the center of gravity is shifted too far forward or aft.

Pilot error: Tailspins can also occur due to pilot error, such as incorrect or excessive control inputs, poor judgment, or inadequate training and experience.

To prevent tailspins, helicopter pilots are trained to recognize and avoid situations that could lead to this dangerous condition, and to take appropriate measures to maintain control of the aircraft.