What is the difference between short action and long action?

Short action and Long Action are terms used in the context of firearms, particularly with regard to bolt-action rifles. They refer to the length of the receiver and the corresponding dimensions that accommodate different cartridges and bolt travel distances. Here are the key differences between short action and long action:

1. Receiver Length:

- Short Action: Short action receivers are shorter than long action receivers, and they are designed for shorter cartridges with smaller case head dimensions.

- Long Action: Long action receivers are longer and have a longer magazine well to accommodate longer cartridges with larger case head dimensions.

2. Cartridge Compatibility:

- Short Action: Short action rifles are compatible with cartridges that have a shorter overall length and a smaller base diameter, such as .223 Remington or .308 Winchester.

- Long Action: Long action rifles can chamber longer cartridges with a larger base diameter, including magnum calibers like .300 Winchester Magnum or .338 Lapua Magnum.

3. Bolt Throw:

- Short Action: The bolt travel distance is shorter in short action rifles, as they are designed for shorter cartridges. This results in a faster cycling speed.

- Long Action: The bolt travel distance is longer in long action rifles to accommodate the longer cartridge cases. This makes the cycling process slightly slower.

4. Magazine Capacity:

- Short Action: Short action rifles typically have a shorter magazine that holds fewer rounds due to the shorter receiver and overall length constraints.

- Long Action: Long action rifles can have a longer magazine that accommodates more rounds, as there is more space available within the receiver.

It's important to note that these terms apply specifically to bolt-action rifles. Semi-automatic and lever-action rifles have their own set of action types and lengths, and they are not directly comparable to short action or long action configurations.